On Thursday 28 October 2021, Creative Commons CEO Catherine Stihler delivered a keynote at the University of St Andrews’Power to the people:St Andrews’ journey to net-zero and the future of energyevent ahead of the annualUnited Nations Climate Change Conference, officially known as the 26th Conference of Parties, orCOP26. In her keynote, Catherine discusses how open access to research and data, and the ability to widely share context-specific approaches, are key to unlocking sustainable solutions for every facet of climate change and preservation of biodiversity. Read the full speech below and access the presentation slideshereand the videohere.
Introduction
Good evening and welcome to this wonderful COP26 event.我是凯瑟琳·斯蒂勒，知识共享组织的首席执行官，也是当选的大学卡塔尔vs葡萄牙分析法庭主席，大学的管理机构。所以，今晚我站在你们面前，戴着两顶截然不同但又相关的帽子。
Let me start with Creative Commons.CC也被称为CC，是一个致力于建立和维持一个繁荣的共享知识和文化的公共利益的国际非营利组织。
知识共享消除了分享知识的法律和技术障碍，以帮助社会克服从气候变化到突发卫生事件到全民教育等最紧迫的挑战。
CC has been at the forefront of the digital commons for 20 years, partnering with activists and advocates, institutions, and governments to build a more equitable, accessible, and innovative world.And on our 20th anniversary year, we have made a commitment to “Better Sharing” and倡导知识文化开放。
P我们的工作艺术支持在创建、采用和实施开放获取政策方面的努力。CC协助UKRI制定了一项新的开放获取政策，于2021年8月启动。这一举措将增加公共资助研究成果在英国研究界和全球范围内被访问、共享和重用的机会。CC还帮助撰写了联合国教科文组织关于开放教育资源和开放科学的建议。我们现在正在通过三个联盟来帮助国家政府实施开放教育的建议，我们也计划在开放科学上做同样的事情。
I’m excited to speak with you today with both my professional and St Andrews hats on, in order that we can achieve together our net zero ambitions by 2035.
1979
In 1979, data collected over 130 years – since reliable records were kept – indicated that global temperatures were rising.
That same year, government leaders launched the First World Climate Conference in Geneva.
The science of climate change was just emerging, and nations in attendance were urged “to foresee and prevent potential man-made changes in climate that might be adverse to the well-being of humanity.”
Declarations at the conference identified that increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and changes in land use was the leading cause that the planet was warming.
1990年，第二次世界气候大会召开时，与会的科学家和技术专家就气候变化的风险发表了一份更强有力的声明。
玛格丽特·撒切尔在会议上发表了演讲，将全球变暖的威胁比作海湾战争——伊拉克入侵科威特后，海湾战争刚刚升级。她还谈到了研究的重要性。
Breakthroughs in science – and many other disciplines – come from access to knowledge and for 20 years, Creative Commons has been working with governments, institutions, foundations and activists across the globe in a coordinated effort to openly license scientific research articles, data and educational resources.
Thatcher Quote from 1990
Briefly returning to Margaret Thatcher, in 1990, she mentioned the power of a coordinated effort,“我们还必须确保研究是有针对性的。太多的人可以做同样的事情，与此同时，重要的问题可能会被忽视。全球观测的任务是艰巨的。正如上周的科学家和专家会议所认识到的，这需要比以往任何尝试都更具雄心的协调努力。”
Developments at the Second World Climate Conference led to the establishment of the
作为应对气候变化国际合作框架的《联合国气候变化框架公约》。
缔约方会议(COP)是负责监测和审查《联合国气候变化框架公约》执行情况的决策机构。它汇集了197个国家和地区——被称为缔约方。
Getting real and UK action
所以几十年后的今天，我们在我们的行为的影响中游泳，或者说是缺乏影响。
科学家们预见到这一点是令人欣慰的，还是应该谴责我们等了这么长时间才协调努力?两者都有。
Last week during a BBC interview, America’s climate envoy John Kerry said that the COP26 summit in Glasgow is the"世界齐心协力的最后希望"He said that if greenhouse gas emissions were not reduced by 2030, there was no chance of holding the rise in the earth’s temperature to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
与工业化前水平相比，英国已经经历了1.2摄氏度的升温，平均海平面上升了16厘米。1.5摄氏度的目标是2015年《巴黎协定》设定的。
Put into perspective, if we don’t limit global warming below two-degrees, sea-levels will rise several meters, and tropical reefs will be extinct.If the planet warms three-degrees, there will be forests in the Arctic, and most coastal cities will be gone.
Four?欧洲将陷入永久干旱。波利尼西亚将被大海吞噬。
五度?根据世界顶尖气候学家的说法——人类文明的终结。
With doom and gloom on the horizon, many countries are finally prioritizing a low-carbon future.
全球经济的70%被净零目标覆盖，而在英国担任联合国气候变化框架公约主席国时，这一比例还不到30%。
The UK was the first country to pledge to reduce carbon emissions by 78% by 2035, and completely phase out coal power by 2024.
The Prime Minister has set out a Ten Point Plan for a green industrial revolution.
Time is ticking. Our“last best hope”是现在。
Urgent solutions
Floods. Droughts. Heat. Extreme weather disrupts and threatens lives and infrastructures. Fluctuating temperatures create conditions for disease to spread. It accelerates food insecurity and can cause stress, anxiety and other mental health disorders. Even slow-developing events – like droughts – have even been linked to increases in suicide.
We need urgent solutions. Just imagine i气候学家、生物学家、地球科学家、工程师、心理学家的研究对所有人开放。This multidisciplinary approach to looking for solutionscould lead to incredible discoveries, much like the accidental penicillin breakthrough.
Today, as more than 30,000 species face the threat of extinction, so much scientific research still remains locked behind paywalls. Many climate affected communities, particularly in rural and/or lower-resourced areas, are unable to access climate or biodiversity research or data due to prohibitive copyright laws.
虽然许多研究人员、政府和全球环保组织认识到开放分享知识对加速进步的重要性，但他们缺乏促进跨学科和地理边界共享和合作的凝聚战略和机制。
But challenges can stimulate opportunities.
Crises can motivate collective adrenaline and accelerate motivations and cooperative behaviors. During COVID-19, when under extreme duress, the scientific community turned to “open” to accelerate progress. This resulted in democratized sharing and accelerated discovery, as scientists from across the globe embraced the immediate, open sharing of preprints, research articles, data, and code. This adoption of openness contributed to the rapid sequencing and sharing of the virus’ genome, the quick development of therapeutics, and the fastest development of effective vaccines in human history. The lessons learned during the pandemic can and should be applied to accelerate progress on other urgent problems facing our society.
Open Research and Data
As you can see, there are many benefits of open access to research and data. Not only does this help ensure information is available to all regardless of their location or economic situation, but it helps accelerate processes and solutions.
Effective change will rely on collaborative interventions across policy, research, practitioners, and communities to create actionable, tailored, and evidence-based implementation strategies. This includes plain language summaries and open licensing enabling translation into local languages.
Under the current scientific journal publishing model, the cost of open access is falling on higher education institutions who pay exorbitant article processing charges (or APCs), whilst the publishers are reporting record profits. Individual researchers and their institutions are having to find thousands of pounds to do the right thing.
Governments and other research funders, researchers and public universities have an opportunity to rethink how we should fund, do and share research. If the purpose of research is to share peer reviewed knowledge with the public to make the world a better place, we need to think about research as a public good.
如果我们建立一个生产和共享科学知识的新系统——我们将建立什么?我们将如何资助它?我们如何才能建立这样一个世界:每个人都能立即获得科学研究和数据，作者可以保留他们的版权，我们花更少的公共资金来生产和分享高质量的、同行评议的研究?政府能否既要求对公共资助的研究开放获取，又支持公立大学主办和管理开放获取的期刊?
Open access to research and data, and the ability to widely share context-specific approaches, is the key to unlock sustainable solutions for every facet of climate change and preservation of biodiversity. This includes a greater investment in the inclusion and agency of affected communities in climate research, and robust policy frameworks which prioritize open access to publicly and foundation funded research.
迄今为止，还没有一个协调一致的全球努力来应对开放获取气候变化或生物多样性科学研究的挑战。但这种情况很快就会改变。我很高兴地宣布，开放社会基金会资助了气候中心及其合作伙伴SPARC和EIFL，以领导一项促进气候和生物多样性研究开放获取的全球运动。这是加速解决气候危机和保护全球生物多样性方面取得进展的一项有希望的战略。
开放气候科学的准入不应该局限于科学界。为了赋予教育者和学生权力，科学教育资源也需要向所有人开放。这让我想到了开放教育。
Open Education
苏格兰是世界上生态学校计划的领先国家之一，COP26为我们提供了一个独特的机会，表彰和庆祝我们对教育和可持续发展的长期承诺。
Scotland’s Learning for Sustainability is an excellent example of how access to educational resources can empower students, teachers and individuals. I’m proud that over 98% of Scotland’s local authority schools are registered in the programme, with 31% receiving the highest award – the Green Flag.
Battlefield Primary School in Glasgow has been involved in the programme since 2005 and are constantly striving to find new ways to make the school more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Their search led them to using solar energy as a school greenhouse.
当教育工作者能够共享资源时，他们就能改善课程和学习结果。Developing the next generation of environmental leaders is not just a good idea,it’s essential.
Does it seem reasonable that education in the age of the internet should be more expensive and less flexible than it was in previous generations? As people and knowledge are increasingly networked and available online, what will it mean for learning, work, and society?
随着经济日益全球化和网络化，成功获得并保持好工作所需的技能和知识需要高等教育。所有国家政府都对公共教育系统如何支持个人、家庭和更广泛的社会进行投资并制定战略目标。
气候教育是如此重要，虽然像可再生能源和更清洁能源这样的大解决方案将来自政府和企业的行动，但个人也有能力通过作为消费者、顾客、选民和积极公民的声音，在更大范围内做出改变。
个人的选择也为我们的未来做出了贡献。
CC’s Sustainability Policy
在CC，我们已经制定并将继续优先考虑可持续的做法，以最大限度地减少我们对环境的影响。自2015年以来，我们的员工一直在远程工作，避免通勤和办公大楼的影响。我们的大部分项目工作是在联合国可持续发展目标的指导下进行的。We just completed our 2ndyear having a virtual Global Summit, which eliminated the need for staff and community travel and food waste. When purchasing team equipment and locating our servers, we look for the most sustainable options. At CC, we don’t rest on our laurels, and we are currently developing more purposeful sustainability policies thinking about energy use of our employees with remote working, travel off setting, and like at St Andrews, training in personal approaches to sustainability.
St Andrews Sustainability (energy, mindset, travel off setting)
I know our Quaestor, Derek Watson, will talk more about the Eden Campus and the key part it will play to reach net zero by 2035.But as we look at Sustainability, the work of the sustainability board, and now sustainability being a key strategic pillar for the university,我们知道，到2035年实现净零排放需要我们每个人都采取行动。
Of all the actions, whether biodiversity, energy conservation, food choices, all of these require a mindset shift—travelingby car to an event like this tonight will need to be carefully assessed.Was there a public transport option? If not, could I have spoken remotely travel or who pays for the offsetting of my carbon footprint?
在活动本身，如果有食物，我们会考虑可持续发展吗?这样的例子不胜枚举。我们正在进入一个变化的时期，我们每个人都将发挥作用，那些超越和超越他们的努力得到认可。
设想14年后的2035年，我们会在哪里?
So as I come to the end of my talk, fourteen years ago, in 2007, the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued the Fourth Assessment Report to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change.
People from over 130 countries contributed to the report, which took 6 years to produce. This groundbreaking document is the largest and most detailed summary of the climate change situation ever undertaken.
Contributors included more than 2500 scientific expert reviewers, more than 800 contributing authors, and more than 450 lead authors. It cited over 6,000 peer-reviewed scientific studies.
Here are some of the findings.
- 气候系统正在变暖是毫无疑问的，这一点现在可以从观测到的全球平均空气和海洋温度的上升、冰雪的广泛融化和全球平均海平面的上升中得到明显的证明。
- 过去50年的全球平均变暖“很可能”是由人类活动造成的。
- Unmitigated climate change would, in the long term, be likely to exceed the capacity of natural, managed and human systems to adapt.
- 这是必不可少的!Many impacts of climate changecan be reduced, delayed or avoided by mitigation.
让我们把这个想法转过来，展望14年后的2035年，那时我们将无法阻止地球温度上升2摄氏度，并引发一系列灾难性的全球灾难。
I hope we can all work together so that our findings look like this.
- We’ve successfully halved emissions every decade.
- The air is cleaner than it has been since the Industrial Revolution.
- 树木到处都是。
- 公路上的汽车越来越少，电动铁路纵横交错。
- Smart tech prevents unnecessary energy consumption
这就是我想要生活的世界。
This is our last best hope.
Just imagine what we can achieve if we ALL work together.
Thank you for being here tonight and over to Derek.
