Data

This page supersedesDatabases and Creative Commons.

在当今社会，数据的潜在价值是非常高的。获取更多数据有助于增强科学合作和可重复性，提高市场效率，提高政府和企业的透明度。这有助于加速发现和理解解决地球和社会需求的办法。

A large part of the potential value of data is realized when data is used across organizational boundaries. There are legal aspects involved in this. Many sites give limited permission to use data via terms of service. There is much ad hoc data sharing among researchers. Increasingly, sharing of data is facilitated by distribution under standard public legal tools. These tools are used to manage copyright and similar restrictions that might otherwise limit dissemination or reuse of data, e.g.CC licensesor theCC0public domain dedication.

Many organizations, institutions, and governments are using CC tools for data. For case studies about how these tools are applied, see:

Uses of CC Licenses with Data and Databases

Uses of CC0 with Data and Databases

Frequently asked questions about data and CC licenses

数据库可以在CC许可下发布吗?

CC licenses can be used to license databases. The most recent version (4.0) may be used to license databases subject to copyright and, where applicable, sui generis database rights. Sui generis database rights prevent copying and reusing ofsubstantial partsof a database (including frequent extraction of insubstantial parts). Unlike copyright, database rights protect the maker's investment and not their originality.

CC does not recommend use of its NonCommercial (NC) or NoDerivatives (ND) licenses on databases intended for scholarly or scientific use.

In addition to our licenses, theCC0 Public Domain Dedicationmay be used to maximize reuse of databases. When applied, the effect is to waive all copyright and related rights in the database and its contents, placing it as close as possible into the worldwide public domain. In certain domains, such as science and government, there are important reasons to consider using CC0. Waiving copyright and related rights eliminates all uncertainty for potential users, encouraging maximal reuse and sharing of information.

When a CC license is applied to a database, what is being licensed?

The license terms and conditions apply to the database structure (its selection and arrangement,to the extent copyrightable), its contents (if copyrightable), and in those instances where the database maker hassui generis database rights, to the rights that are granted those makers. It is possible for licensors to license some rather than all of the rights they have in a database. Creative Commons advises against this practice. If a licensor chooses to do so, we strongly encourage licensors to clearly demarcate what is and is not licensed. Seebelowfor more information regarding how to provide clear notice of what is licensed.

How do I apply a CC legal tool to a database?

在根据CC许可提供数据库之前，数据库提供者应该首先确保他们拥有这样做所需的所有权利。通常，数据库提供程序不是数据库内容的原始作者。如果是这种情况，数据库提供者在使用CC法律工具发布数据库之前，应该确保与其他作者的独立权限。如果数据库制作者决定在没有获得数据库内容作者许可的情况下对数据库进行许可，他们应该明确指出哪些材料的许可没有得到保护，并明确标记这些材料没有根据许可条款提供。For more information, read ourpre-licensingguidelines.

数据库提供者还应该仔细考虑他们希望CC法律工具涵盖的数据库的哪些元素，并以重用用户能够看到和理解的方式确定这些元素。Please see ourmarking page有关如何清楚区分未经许可的内容的更多信息。

How do the different CC license elements operate for a CC-licensed database?

Under version 4.0, if an NC license has been applied then any use of the licensed database or its contentsthat is restricted by copyright laworsui generis database rightsrequires compliance with theNC term, even if the database is not publicly shared. The other license elements (BY, ND, and SA, as applicable) must be complied with only if your use is so restricted and public sharing is involved. Learn more about how to comply whenyour use implicates copyrightand/orsui generis database rights.

以前的CC许可版本不需要遵守许可限制或条件，当只涉及到自成体系的数据库权限(而不是版权)时。Please see below for more detail abouthow this works in the currentandprior versionsof the licenses.

Can I conduct text/data mining on a CC-licensed database?

可以在cc许可的数据库上进行挖掘活动。您是否必须遵守CC许可条款和条件将取决于您进行的挖掘活动类型是否涉及版权或任何适用的自成体系的数据库权利。如果您没有行使数据库制作者所拥有的专有权，那么您就不需要依赖许可证来进行挖掘。As there are many different methods for conducting text and data mining, there may be some types of mining activities that will implicate the licensed rights.

If your particular use is one that would require permission, you should note the following:

• Permission:All six of the 4.0 licenses allow for text and data mining by granting express permission to privately reproduce, extract, and reuse the contents of a licensed database and create adapted databases.
• Commercial purposes:If you are conducting text and data mining forcommercial purposes，你不应该挖掘nc许可的数据库或其他材料。
• Outputs:如果您公开共享您的挖掘活动的结果或您所挖掘的数据，您应该将其归为权利所有者。如果您公开共享的内容符合许可材料的改编，则不应挖掘nd许可的材料。如果您共享SA许可下的某个素材改编，则必须对该改编申请相同的license。

If your use is not one that requires permission under the license，上述考虑不适用，您可以进行文本和数据挖掘活动。

How does the treatment of sui generis database rights vary in prior versions of CC licenses?

As explainedabove, the current version of the CC license suite (4.0) licenses sui generis database rights in addition to copyright and other closely related rights. Past versions of CC licenses operate differently with respect to sui generis database rights.

In the CC version 3.0 licenses, the legal treatment of sui generis database rights varies, but the practical result is always the same: compliance with the license restrictions and conditions is not required where sui generis database rights - but not copyright - are implicated. This means that if a substantial portion of a CC-licensed database is extracted and used in a way that does not implicate copyright (e.g., by rearranging purely factual data), the license does not require the user to attribute the licensor or comply with any other restrictions or conditions, even if the database is protected by sui generis database rights.

While this result is the same across all CC version 3.0 licenses, the reason for this outcome varies. In the 3.0 licenses ported to the laws of EU jurisdictions, the scope of the licenses expressly covers databases subject to copyright and/or sui generis database rights. The conditions of the license are explicitly waived when use of the licensed work only involves the exercise of database rights.

相比之下，3.0未移植许可和所有其他移植许可都没有明确许可自成体系的数据库权限。因此，当涉及单独的数据库权限时，这些许可就不适用了。这意味着被许可方可能需要单独的许可才能使用数据库，从而涉及到独特的数据库权利(尽管可以说，在某些司法管辖区，行使这些权利的默示许可可能被视为授予)。

More information on the underlying 3.0 policy decision the treatment of sui generis database rights those licenses can be foundon our wiki (.pdf).

What is the difference between the Open Data Commons licenses and the CC 4.0 licenses?

TheOpen Database License (ODbL)and theOpen Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-BY)是专门为数据库使用而设计的许可证，而不是用于其他类型的材料。这些许可证和CC许可证之间有许多不同，但最重要的是与许可证的范围和操作有关。ODC许可证只适用于自定义的数据库权利和数据库结构中的任何版权。这些许可证不适用于数据库的单个内容。而最新版本的CC许可则适用于自定义的数据库权利以及数据库结构和内容中的所有版权和邻接权。Seeabovefor more detail about how past versions of CC licenses vary with respect to sui generis database rights.

Another important difference is that ODC licenses may create contractual obligations even in jurisdictions where database rights would not otherwise exist and would be necessary only for the license permission. CC has crafted its licenses to ensure that theynever impose obligations where permission is not otherwise requiredto use the licensed material.

Frequently asked questions about data in general

Which components of databases are protected by copyright?

There are four components of a database to consider: (1) the database model or structure, (2) the data entry and output sheet, (3) field names, and (4) the data or other content.

Thedatabase model指数据库的结构和组织方式，包括数据库表和表索引。如果数据库足够新颖，数据库的选择、协调和安排都受到版权的约束。在许多司法管辖区，原创门槛相当低。例如，美国法院认为按字母顺序排列的电话簿不够新颖，不值得受到版权保护，而有组织的某一特定领域的美籍华人企业电话簿则被认为符合这一标准。^[1]These determinations are very fact-specific and vary by jurisdiction.

Thedata entry and output sheets包含问题，这些问题的答案存储在数据库中。例如，一个网页要求科学家输入一个基因的名字，它的路径信息和它的本体，这就构成了一个数据输入表。这些表格的格式和布局受到版权的保护，这与用于确定数据库模型是否具有版权的独创性标准是相同的。

Field namesdescribe the contents or data. For example, “address” might be the name of the field for street address information. These are less likely to be protected by copyright because they often lack sufficient originality.

Thedataor other contents contained in the database are subject to copyright if they are sufficiently creative. Original poems contained in a database would be protected by copyright, but purely factual data (such as gene names or city populations) would not. Facts are not subject to copyright, nor are the ideas underlying copyrighted content.

How do I know whether a particular use of a database is restricted by copyright?

当数据库结构或其内容受版权约束时，数据库的复制、分发或修改往往会受到版权法的限制。需要注意的是，使用受版权保护的数据库不会受到版权的限制。例如，可以以一种不涉及数据库结构中的版权的方式重新排列或修改不可版权的数据。在(如上所述)美国法院认为一个美籍华人企业目录受到版权限制的案件中，该法院继续认为一个复制了数百个目录的目录并不侵权，因为这些目录的分类和排列方式完全不同。在这些情况下，不需要遵守许可条件，除非数据库内容本身受到版权的限制。

Similarly, even where database contents are subject to copyright and published under a CC license, use of the facts and ideas embedded within the contents will not require attribution (or compliance with other applicable license conditions), unless doing so implicates copyright in the database structure as explained above. Thisimportant limitation of all CC licensesis highlighted on the license deeds in the Notice section, where we emphasize that compliance with the license is not required for elements of the material in the public domain.

If my use of a database is restricted by copyright, how do I comply with the license?

All CC licenses require that you attribute the licensor when your use involves public sharing. Your other obligations depend on the particular CC license applied to the database. If it is an NC license, any regulated use must be limited tononcommercial purposes. If an ND is applied, you may produce an adapted database but cannot share it publicly. If it is a ShareAlike (SA) license, you must apply the same or acompatible licenseto any adaptation of the database you share publicly.

数据库的哪些组成部分受自成体系的数据库权限保护?

In contrast to copyright, sui generis database rights are designed to protect a maker's substantial investment in a database. In particular, these rights prevent the unauthorized extraction and reuse of asubstantial portionof the contents.

How do I know whether a particular use of a database is restricted by sui generis database rights?

When a database is subject to sui generis database rights, extracting and reusing asubstantial portionof the database contents is prohibited without express exception.

It is important to remember that sui generis database rights exist in only a few countries outside theEuropean Union如韩国和墨西哥。通常，如果您在一个不存在这些权利的地方使用cc许可的数据库，那么您不必遵守许可限制或条件，除非涉及到版权(或其他许可权利)。

注意，如果您在一个必须尊重数据库权限的司法管辖区使用数据库，并且您从一个没有数据库权限的司法管辖区的人那里收到了cc许可的作品，那么您应该确定数据库权限是否存在并已获得许可。如果是这样，您需要按照许可证的要求正确地标记和属性，因为从您那里获得数据库的人可能不需要保存该信息。如果您正在使用已授权的数据库，而您不需要遵守许可条款，因为在您的管辖范围内不存在此类权利，我们建议您尽可能保留这些信息。这样做有助于下游重用用户，当他们进一步共享时需要提供这些信息。

What constitutes a “substantial portion” of a database?

对于什么是“实质性部分”，并没有明确定义的规则或标准。答案将取决于相关司法管辖区的法律。请注意，什么构成一个实质性的部分是由定量和定性决定的。Also, using several insubstantial portions can add up to a substantial portion.

If my use of a database is restricted by sui generis database rights, how do I comply with the license?

If the database is released under the current version (4.0) of CC licenses, you must attribute the licensor if you share asubstantial portionof the database contents. The other requirements depend on the particular license applied to the database. Under the NC licenses, you may not extract and reuse a substantial portion of the database contents forcommercial purposes. The ND licenses prohibit you from including a substantial portion of the database contents in another publicly shared database in which you have sui generis database rights of your own. The SA licenses require you to apply the same or acompatible licenseto any database you share publicly and in which you include a substantial portion of the licensed database contents. Note that this doesnot要求您共享您在数据库单个内容中拥有的任何版权或其他权利。

Notes